鸡舍换气余热干燥鸡粪设备夏季干燥性能研究

鸡舍换气余热干燥鸡粪是指利用鸡舍换气时排出废气的余热来除去鸡粪中水分的热力干燥方法,该方法的主要特点为工艺简单、能耗低。该文主要对鸡舍换气余热干燥鸡粪的原理进行了阐述,探讨了鸡粪干燥过程中各种热量的计算方法,并针对中国的气候特点,结合鸡舍换气余热干燥鸡粪设备设计改造了一种可在夏季利用环境空气对鸡粪进行干燥的通风方式,最后对湖北应城的一套鸡粪干燥设备(manure drying system,MDS)进行了夏季应用效果的测试。结果表明:夏季不同天气条件下干燥设备的干燥速率差异较大;晴天天气下由于外界环境空气的混入,鸡粪含水率从初始含水量降至28%(湿基)耗时只需28 h左右,比阴雨天气下缩短约20 h;夏季阴雨天气下鸡舍换气余热可满足48 h内把鸡粪含水率降至30%以下的热量需求,但阴雨天气会降低鸡粪的干燥速率。晴天天气下由于湿帘的影响,鸡舍所排废气湿度过大,此时可结合环境热空气对鸡粪进行干燥,提高鸡粪干燥速率。研究结果可为优化鸡粪干燥工艺,探索节能环保的干燥方法提供理论参考。     

考虑种养平衡的黄淮海小麦-玉米模式下畜禽承载量估算

黄淮海地区作为中国种植业与养殖业优势区,随着国家对农作物秸秆和畜禽粪便所带来农村环境问题的日益重视,研究该区域"以种定养"、实现种养业废弃物资源化利用、践行绿色发展理念显得尤为重要。以区域种植业实际生产情况为基础,确定典型种植模式下可施用畜禽粪便类有机肥量,经推导计算后确定区域畜禽养殖种类与数量。该文选取河北、河南和山东为黄淮海地区典型代表,在保障粮食产量和满足农田环境风险评估的基础上,研究小麦-玉米生产模式中,畜禽粪便类有机肥每年可施用量,经推导得到高温好氧堆肥处理前的畜禽粪污资源量,进而计算得到每年可承载的不同种类畜禽养殖量。这样既可满足种植业生产的肥料需求,也能缓解养殖业粪污带来的环境压力。研究结果表明:黄淮海地区小麦-玉米生产模式中,每公顷农田每年可利用6头奶牛或18头肉牛或47～51头生猪或731～789只蛋鸡或8 062～8 705只肉鸡粪便N量。在实际生产中,土壤肥力和土壤微生物等多因素影响有机肥可施用量,不同种类畜禽的农田承载量还需进一步优化。该研究为促进黄淮海地区种养结合提供一定的理论基础。     

空气源热泵用作北京保育猪舍地暖的供暖效果研究

中国"2+26"城市禁煤供暖,猪场迫切需要找到可以替代燃煤、满足供暖需求的供暖方式。为了解空气源热泵在猪舍地暖的供暖效果,选择北京猪舍,配置空气源热泵设备,进行供暖期间保育猪舍热环境效果试验。结果表明:试验期间,室外最低和最高温度分别为-11.0和12.1℃;在地暖供暖猪舍中,地面温度与供水温度、室外温度都呈正比例相关关系,与供暖距离呈反比例线性关系;在系统供水温度范围为30.0～41.0℃时,猪舍无猪单元距离分水器最近(24 m)测点和最远(60 m)测点地面温度为19.1～28.6℃;实际供水温度平均值较设定温度降低1.8～4.0℃;距离分水器最近(24 m)测点地面温度较实际系统供水温度下降8.3～13.1℃;距离分水器最远(60 m)测点较最近测点(24 m)地面温度下降0.5～1.8℃。无猪时,0.3 m高温度较地面温度降低5.0℃;距离地面0.3 m以上不同高度温度变化不明显。对于北京保育猪舍适宜采用空气源热泵地暖供暖,推荐蓄水罐设定温度宜为43～32℃,实际供水温度宜为40.6～29.9℃。     

畜禽舍粪污自动处理装置的设计研究

笔者通过试验自主设计了一套畜禽舍粪污自动处理装置,该粪污自动处理装置能够实现自动清理畜禽粪便,并使粪便和秸秆及时进行发酵处理,实现农业废弃物资源化利用,有效解决了农业废弃物资源化浪费等问题。     

禽流感疫情变动对畜禽产品价格的动态影响研究——基于时变参数向量自回归(TVP-VAR)模型

本文通过借助互联网大数据构建公众禽流感关注度指数作为禽流感疫情变动的代理变量,选取2013年1月—2017年3月畜禽产品周度价格数据,运用时变参数向量自回归模型(TVP-VAR)实证分析了禽流感疫情变动对畜禽产品价格波动的动态影响。结果表明,禽流感疫情的变化会造成畜禽产品价格波动,其中,对鸡肉价格影响最大,其次为猪肉价格,牛羊肉价格受到的影响相对较小;禽流感疫情的变动对鸡肉和牛羊肉价格以负向影响为主,而对猪肉价格的影响存在反转效应,即短期存在负向影响,中长期存在正向影响;不同时期、不同时点上禽流感疫情的变动对畜禽产品价格造成的影响不同,且具有明显的时变性。     

Nitrogen availability,maturity and stability of bokashi-type fertilizers elaborated with different feedstocks of animal origin

Organic amendments, such as bokashi, are applied to the soil to increase the N. However, the available N provided by these fertilizers and the feedstocks with which they are produced have been poorly documented. In this work, the available N in bokashi was evaluated as well as their biological stability and chemical maturity. The treatments bokashi poultry (WVP); bokashi swine (WVS) and bokashi control (WVC) contained wheat straw and vegetable wastes; WVP and WVS also included poultry and swine manure, respectively. The temperature, mineral N, pH, EC, CO₂ production rate and germination index (IG) were measured. At the end of the trial, all of the treatments’ temperatures exceeded room temperature. The WVP presented a higher mineral N (1,054 mg kg^?1) than the WVS (844 mg kg^?1) and the WVC (907 mg kg^?1). In all treatments, the NH₄⁺ and NO₃^? decreased. EC reached phytotoxicity levels in all treatments (EC > 3 dS m^?1). None of the treatments showed biological stability or chemical maturity (IG of WVP, WVS and WVC: 10%, 29% and 19%, respectively). Therefore, it is concluded that applying these bokashi to soils could limit crop growth due to phytotoxic effects and immobilization of transient N.     

Review of Measurement Technologies for Air Pollutants at Livestock and Poultry Farms

With the intensification of livestock breeding, the air quality problem of livestock farms caused by high density breeding is becoming more and more serious. Animal husbandry has become one of the important sources of air pollutants in China. Air emitted from most intensive livestock houses contains a large amount of pollutants, including ammonia, sulfides, particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which not only poses a big threat to animals and workers in livestock farms, but also spreads to the surrounding environment resulting in air pollution. Scientific and applicable air pollutants measuring methods are the basis of monitoring and controlling air pollution in livestock and poultry farms. In this article, the detection methods of livestock farming related hazardous gases (e.g., NH₃, H₂S), greenhouse gases, particulate matters and odor were summarized. The detection methods of hazardous gases in livestock houses mainly include chemical analysis, semiconductor gas sensor detection, spectroscopic methodology and mass spectrometry. The wet-chemical method is cheap and can detect gases sensitively and accurately, while it cannot detect gases in real time, and the process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The gas tube is cheap and easy to operate, but the deviation is great. Electrochemical sensor is of high sensitivity, moderate cost and can be used to detect gas concentration continuously, however, the devices are easy to age. Spectrum method and mass spectrometry can detect gas quickly and accurately, but it is not suitable for conventional air detection of productive livestock farming due to its high costs. In this paper, the detection methods of greenhouse gases (e.g., CH₄, CO₂) generated from animal intestinal fermentation and livestock environment were also summarized. It is hard to conclude an accurate detection of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry, because the concentrations of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry changes all the time (diurnal and seasonal) and are related to other factors including sampling points. No international common testing method and measurement standard are concluded till now, therefore, the research of greenhouse gases detection method and standard in animal husbandry should be carried out as soon as possible. The detection methods of particulate matters (PM) in livestock farms were reviewed from three aspects: physical, chemical and biological characteristics. PM contains complex components in livestock farms, therefore, it is highly needed to improve PM detection technology. Besides, the component analysis and sensory analysis of odorous substances in livestock farms were overviewed. The odor analysis of professional olfactory discernment personnel owns stronger subjectivity and costs higher than gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. While, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is unable to determine all gaseous organic compounds with one sample. Combining gas chromatography and dynamic olfactometer can be more efficient for comprehensive analysis of odor samples. In this article, detection methods and techniques of air pollutants in animal husbandry were comprehensively reviewed to provide a reference for the development of air pollutants detection technologies in livestock and poultry breeding in China.     

Turnover of Village Chickens Undermines Vaccine Coverage to Control HPAI H5N1

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 remains an enzootic disease of village chickens in Indonesia, posing ongoing risk at the animal–human interface. Previous modelling showed that the fast natural turnover of chicken populations might undermine herd immunity after vaccination, although actual details of how this effect applies to Indonesia's village chicken population have not been determined. We explored the turnover effect in Indonesia's scavenging and mixed populations of village chickens using an extended Leslie matrix model parameterized with data collected from village chicken flocks in Java region, Indonesia. Population dynamics were simulated for 208 weeks; the turnover effect was simulated for 16 weeks after vaccination in two ‘best case’ scenarios, where the whole population (scenario 1), or birds aged over 14 days (scenario 2), were vaccinated. We found that the scavenging and mixed populations have different productive traits. When steady‐state dynamics are reached, both populations are dominated by females (54.5%), and ‘growers’ and ‘chicks’ represent the most abundant age stages with 39% and 38% in the scavenging, and 60% and 25% in the mixed population, respectively. Simulations showed that the population turnover might reduce the herd immunity below the critical threshold that prevents the re‐emergence of HPAI H5N1 4–8 weeks (scavenging) and 6–9 weeks (mixed population) after vaccination in scenario 1, and 2–6 weeks (scavenging) and 4–7 weeks (mixed population) after vaccination in scenario 2. In conclusion, we found that Indonesia's village chicken population does not have a unique underlying population dynamic and therefore, different turnover effects on herd immunity may be expected after vaccination; nonetheless, our simulations carried out in best case scenarios highlight the limitations of current vaccine technologies to control HPAI H5N1. This suggests that the improvements and complementary strategies are necessary and must be explored.     

畜禽支原体耐药性及耐药机制研究进展

支原体感染给畜禽养殖造成的危害已受到国内外科研人员的广泛重视。目前控制畜禽支原体感染、降低畜禽养殖经济损失的切实有效方法是大量使用抗生素,其中四环素、大环内酯类及喹诺酮类药物是现阶段临床兽医首选的3类抗菌药。但短短几十年的临床实践表明,滥用抗生素已经严重威胁畜禽健康,许多畜禽支原体临床分离株不仅仅对单一抗生素产生耐药性,而且同时对多种抗生素耐药。作者从药物靶位点改变、外排泵系统形成、抗菌药物灭活酶产生等方面对上述抗畜禽支原体药物的耐药机制进行阐述,以期为建立支原体耐药性检测体系、指导临床合理用药、开发新的药物等提供理论依据和策略。